The Language And The Gender

The Language And The Gender This study deals with the relationship between gender and language in this study we try to answer the flowing question: to what extend the differences in using prestige between male and female in Arabic language in terms of greetings, happiness, and sadness occasions? Due to this question the aim of the study is to find the reasons of differences between the two genders in Arabic language. this study find that the differences connected with female who try to add new words to their language which they connected these new words to the civilization and modern life and they try to use it out of their traditional way , in order to attract the attentions from others The samples of this study are males and females Arabic speakers. They are 10 persons, 5 males and 5 females native speakers of Arabic language. The questionnaire instrument is used in this study in order to take valued information. The questionnaire encompasses the terms of greetings, happiness and sadness occasions. It also in cludes other information such as gender, and age. Key words: male, female, prestige, sociolinguistic. 1.0 Introduction Language and gender research began in early 20th century. Language gender research concerned with male and female differences in their way of speaking. The study of language and gender related to sociolinguistics, this field mainly interests to study language in social context , in social context we can recognize that the speakers within same language used different ways of speech these ways different in term of gender, age, ethnic and social class; this is what we may call it social variation. The concept of prestige in sociolinguistics is related to standard language so according prestigious, dialect is likely to be considered the standard language. Many researcher deals with sociolinguistics studies and concern in language and gender Coates (1993) he recognized that female in speech community try to use a high degree of prestige than male. (Lakoff, 1975), the men use words like (damn, more than women (oh dear, goodness). Malkawi (2011) found that the females in order to attract t he attention they avoid using old words. Scherer (1979), states that the women consciously employ the use of more socially prestigious speech than men, while men tend to use more forceful speech than women. Women tend to use prestige in her language more than men do. Women use standard prestige norms while men used vernacular prestige norms. In general non standard language is low-prestige while standard connected to high- prestige but it is undesirable in many contexts. This study focused on sociolinguistic work through concentrate on the vernacular Arabic language when highlighted to find the differences between males and females in terms of greetings, happiness, and sadness occasions. This study dealt with linguistic variation in term of gender to find out the kind of prestige used by Arabic males and females in terms of greetings, happiness and sadness occasions. In this study we try to find out the answer to research question: Are there any differences in the talk of Arabic males and females in terms of greetings, happiness, and sadness occasions? In order to answer this question, the questionnaire instrument is used in this study in order to get valued information. The questionnaire encompasses the terms of greetings, happiness and sadness occasions. It also includes other information such as gender, age and etc. The samples of this study are males and females Arabic speakers. They are 10 persons, 5 males and 5 females native speakers of Arabic language. Above all we can attributed the differences between male and female may belong to the desire of women to use Words which are related to prestige in order to attract attention and most women Believes that the use of prestigious words in speech are more civilized than use The ordinary one. In sociolinguistic the concept of prestige refers to positive or negative values choose by the speaker in other word the speakers choose consciously or subconsciously when they make the speech act. Sociolinguistic Sociolinguistics is of the most important branches of modern linguistics .it deals with the study of language affected by social relations. Sociolinguistics includes pidgin, bilingualism and Creole languages .It refers to language variation, and language variation focuses on language different in contexts, where context refers to social class, age, gender, ethnicity, geography. In 1960 many researches in sociolinguistic focuses on the relationship between language and social structure and the relationship between language and gander. Sociolinguistics interests on language in the social context and language in the social context focuses on the linguistics norms and variations. Speakers who differ from each other in age, social class, and ethnic group will differ from each other in their speech and this is called social variation. Sociolinguistics is applied toward the different social situations and analysis the way that female and male speak to each other so , sociolinguistic we can say is a science that provide us with a brief description about the realities of human speech and how we can through a specific dialect describes the relation between language and age, sex and social function of a language . Studies in the field of sociolinguistics generally assesses the reality by taking a sample of people and interview them, typically it studies the variation of language and based on dialect in specific society. Sociolinguistic concern with grammatical and phonological features so, Variation in language connected with gender, male and female tend to use different styles female tend to use a particular style in her speaking more than male do. Gender with language The area of study gender and language connected with sociolinguistics. It investigates the speech varieties associated with gender and sometimes this kind of studies is called a genderlect. Dr. Adelaide Haas of the State University of New York in 1979 she observed general differences between male and female linguistic style. She made several observations and according to the results she found women tend to use standard English and non directive language while men used non- standard and directive language .women prefer to talk about her family and home while most men prefer talked about business, money and sports it is also found gender language from generation to generation that is means the age will also different in using language from one age to another. the differences between gender because the girls and boys socialized differently so according to this fact language different between gender, women always in her conversation try to make suggestion while men prefer to give commands, typically it is found that women used more emotion in her way of speaking than men do , also women focus on her feelings in her life while men focus on power in his life. Lakoff (1975) states that women try her possible to talk as a respected lady, comparing to men, women tend to use more hedges, intensifiers , a lot of polite forms and questions intonations. 1.3 Prestige Dialects are mainly related to the concept of prestige within a society. Usually, the standard dialect is associated with prestige in the society but thats not mean all prestigious people must speak the standard but there are factors to prestige with non standard dialects and by group may develop a prestige factors. The prestige concepts: Overt Prestige: refers to speakers of non-standard varieties who adopt the standard variety. The speakers are associate themselves with the general prestigious dialect within a society. Covert Prestige: This refers to speakers who not adopt a standard dialect. The speakers in convert prestige are associated with what they gained from group in social identification. So, overt prestige is assimilate standard, while convert prestige refers to assimilate non standard. The concept of prestige in sociolinguistics is related to standard language so according prestigious, dialect is likely to be considered the standard language but in other hand non standard may also refers to prestige factors and the creative of prestige factors by non standard group. In general prestige means a specific prestige dialect used by people in their way of speaking, it represent the language community , prestige dialects are associated with greater social, political, and economic power, sometimes people who speak prestige dialect are generally considered well-educated. but is that mean who does not speak a prestige dialect is uneducated according to preceding studies they found the people who didnt speak prestige dialect is may face difficulties in their academic community or social difficulties which effected directly in their way of speaking in other hand factors to prestige with non standard dialects may developed by group as prestige. We can say a prestige differ from state to state for example modern standard Arabic which is considerd high prestige it is used of social and political Arabic media in order to accessible a large number of Arabic people but it is not used as a conversation in their daily life and if someone speak a standard Arabic in streets people will laugh about it so according to Arabic language standard is not prestigious unlike English or French language which they considerd the standard as prestigious so prestige dialects differ from language to language . 2.0 Data for study: The aim of this study is to find the differences between Arabic males and females in terms of greetings, happiness and sadness occasions. The samples of this study are males and females Arabic speakers. They are 10 persons, 5 males and 5 females native speakers of Arabic language. 4.0 Research in the field: Ferguson (1959), states that sociolinguistics of Arabic language began as an academic unit and it has two discriminative varieties. These varieties are the high and the low ones. As for the high variety, it is related to the classical Arabic which is used in formal occasions and religious functions. The low variety is used in everyday communications between for instance, friends, and home. Sociological studies have shown that women are more likely to use linguistic forms thought to be better or more correct than those used by men. Trudgell (1983) provides an important reason for this. According to him, women are more conscious than men, therefore, they are more sensitive to linguistic norms. Lakoff (1975) states that due of the low states of women and the pressure upon them to talk as a respected lady, comparing to men, women tend to use more hedges, intensifiers , a lot of polite forms and questions intonations . Prestige is in two types. Overt type is seeking a prestige by assimilating to the standard language. Covert type is choosing not to talk in the standard, Manue and Campoy (2009). According, Coupland (1997) mentions that women prefer to use an overt standard prestige. However, men favor to use covert vernacular prestige. Coates (1993) states that female speakers tend to use a higher rate of prestige than male speakers in different speech communities. In other words, the prestige norms seem to have a great influence on women than on men. In addition, Sociolinguistics literature reveals that women employ and adopt the speech of rich people more than men do where the difference between rich and poor people speech is in standard language and dialect one, Angle and Biber (1981). According to Lackoff (1973), in the case of gender, women are expected not to use strong insults and expletives such as damn the same as men do, while they are encouraged to use weaker ones like oh dear. Therefore, women have to change or substitute the strong insults with weaker ones. Scherer (1979), states that the women consciously employ the use of more socially prestigious speech than men, while men tend to use more forceful speech than women. Abu-Haidar (1989) investigated the occurrence of prestige in the spoken Arabic language in Baghdad, Iraq. Her study reveals that prestige is attributed to the standard Arabic language rather than the vernacular one. She adds that women tend to favor this variety. On the other hand, in the case of the Iraqi society as claimed by Jaber and Krishnasamy (2012), female prestige is associated with the meaning of the words not with the standard language. Rather, men tend to use the standard features more women. In a study was made on the Jordanian society, Malkawi (2011) found that the females respondents in her study avoid using old words when they want to attract the attention Females and males tend to use more prestigious words rather than the ancient ones. As noticed by Bassiouney (2010), educated men and women in Egypt tend to talk in standard language because they think that it is more civilized than the dialect one. On the other hand, the uneducated women use the urban variety rather than the rural one for it is more prestigious as they think. Arafa and Al-Ali (2010) proposed that females in Jordan adopt the urban non local varieties which are considered as civilized varieties, while males tend to use the local ones. As they state, the adoption of the varieties by both males and females are not arbitrary. Rather, it is limited to gender motivations and social expectations Gordon in (1997) clarifies the reasons behind using a more prestigious language by women in the New Zealand society. He says that the usage of this prestigious language by women in New Zealand is a stereotype. According to his, it is a stereotype for it explains the avoidance of middle class females against the lower class females. Publications: Who Practitioners in the field / lineage of the thought (others working in the area) What are the landmark studies? What are the theoretical and empirical contributions of the research area? 6.0 Implications of the study: We can summarize the implication of this study: 6.1 Purpose of the study The purpose of this study is to find the differences between Arabic males and females in using prestige in terms of greetings, happiness and sadness occasions. 6.2 Main Objective: The study of sociolinguistics concentrates on language in the social context. Studying language in the social context focuses on the linguistics norms and variations. Speakers who differ from each other in age, social class, and ethnic group will differ from each other in their speech and this is called social variation. As for this study, it will focus on the linguistic norms and variations related to the gender of the speaker. More specifically, this study aims at studying the differences in speech between Arabic males and females in relation to their gender. 6.3 Findings: Male Female Results Greeti ngs happiness sadness occasions 6.4 Limitation of the study This study limited on small group who consist from Arabic male and female in order to discover the differences between Arabic males and females in using prestige in terms of greetings, happiness and sadness occasions. 6.5 Conclusion This study tries to investigate the differences between Arabic males and females in terms of greetings, happiness and sadness occasions. According to the data analysis in this paper found that the female try to use a high level of prestige she try to use modern words and tries as possible to exclude the old words in order to attract attention while mail try to use medium level of prestige but also it is found that male tend to use modern prestige words than the old words.

Gender and Our Judicial System Essay -- Law

The ambiguous language and aim of the constitution has allowed for numerous interpretations of the law. There have been several instances, where our limited perception and interpretation of the constitution has warranted change due to cases that do not fit the ruling party’s ideology of equality. In those cases, we amended our constitution and included clear diction to award rights to those subjected to subordination, so in going forward a clear distinction would not allow room for interpretations that perpetuated further discrimination. Over the course of history, we have followed this path to incorporate our societies changing paradigm that was dissimilar to our founding fathers’. Interestingly so, the rights they deemed as inalienable are the ones that have required a clear distinction in order for them to apply to all. The Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) is a necessary requirement for women as well as others who are subject to sex-based discrimination. Although the rights of women are somewhat protected by the constitution, without the clear diction of the ERA, those who face this type of discrimination, are left in a precarious position. The passage of the ERA would necessitate pragmatic consequences in judicial equality, highlight the pervasiveness of modern inequality, and enact change in society’s paradigm of equality. The loose interpretation of the notion of gender in our judicial system is subject to filtration through outdated ideologies, stereotypes, and gender bias. As the law currently stands, the interpretation of cases that involve gender or sexual discrimination are filtered through constitutional acts or amendments that only partially protect. An example of this partial protection would be the 14th amendment. T... ...122). Macmillan General Reference. Sexism in language. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.upou.edu.ph/gender/gender_fair. Lithwick, D. (2011, June 20). Class dismissed. Retrieved from http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/jurisprudence/2011/06/class_dismissed.html Terkel, A. (2011). Scalia: Women don't have constitutional protection against discrimination. Huffington Post, Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/01/03/scalia-women-discrimination-constitution_n_803813.html Cotter, D., Hermsen, J., Ovadia, S., & Vanneman, R. (2001). The glass ceiling effect. Informally published manuscript, University of North Carolina, North Carolina. Retrieved from http://www.bsos.umd.edu/socy/vanneman/papers/CotterHOV01.pdf Wood, J. T. (2008). Gendered lives, communication, gender, and culture. (8th ed.). Wadsworth Pub Co. U.S. Const. amend. XIV, Â § 1

The Moonstone, by Wilkie Collins Essay -- social issues, popular psych

The gothic traces of the sensation novel creates an ideal boulevard for the popular psychology of the Victorian period; a time of subconcious curiosity and indeed scientific discovery. The juxtoposition of the wild yet domestic framework of The Moonstone is not excluded from this enthusiasm . The novel thrives in the realms of the unknown much like the shivering sand of Cobb's Hole. From this sand the artefacts of discovery are drawn as the vindication of truth occurs in the realms of the unconcious. We will explore the relevance of the contemporary psychology and its preoccupation in The Moonstone by examining the Victorian enthrallment of contemporary pyschology and the supernaturalism of Collins characters, observing the quivers of both themes throughout the novel. The mid nineteenth century sensational novel though criticised for its commonplace compromise is a reliable validation of the importunate effect of the investigation into contemporary psychology. The preoccupation of this supernaturalism is dichotimized with the detective elements of The Moonstone .Throughout the novel, we seem to question the validity of what is commonplace and conventional and what is other worldly and experimental. This is well depicted through the changing narratives upholding the conventions of a small provincial Robinson Crusoe enthusiast, a dutiful christian member of the 'Mothers Small Clothes Conversion Society' to the professional ranks of Sergeant Cuff and Mr Bruff and finally the intellectual and scientific Mr Candy and more especially Ezra Jennings. The supernaturalism of contemporary psychology is always depicted by what is deemed empirical by the uneducated and... ...ysterious location in Collin's narrative is to conceal and reveal secrets, and to complicate the characters knowledge of each other and themselves. Both a grave and a hiding place, a natural phenomon and a preternatural horror ' (169). Works Cited Levy, E. 'The Moonstone' and the Problem of Pain in Life. Canada: Victorian Association of Western Canada, 2002. Print. Robert, L. 'Shivering Sands' of Reality: Narration and Knowledge in Wilkie Collins' The Moonstone . Canada: Victorian Studies Association of Western Canada, 1997. Print. Hutter, D,A. Tranformations and Literature: The Implications of Detective Fiction. USA: Indiana University Press. 1975. Print. Mossman, M. Representations of the Abnormal Body in 'The Moonstone'. USA: Cambridge University Press.2009. Print. Collins, W. The Moonstone. England: Penguin Group. 2012. Print.

Franco Zeffirelli and Baz Luhrmanns Romeo and Juliet :: William Shakespeare

Franco Zeffirelli and Baz Luhrmann's Romeo and Juliet Sex, drugs, and violence are usually a potent combination, and only William Shakespeare could develop them into a masterful, poetic, and elegant story. In the play, "The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet," all these aspects of teenage life absorb the reader or watcher. It is understood that Hollywood would try to imitate this masterpiece on screen, and it has done so in two films: Franco Zeffirelli's 1968 "Romeo and Juliet" and Baz Luhrmann's 1996 "William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet." The updated Luhrmann picture best captures the essence of Shakespeare for the present-day viewer. Through the ingenious use of modernization and location, while preserving Shakespearean language, the spirit of Shakespeare emerges to captivate a large audience. Shakespeare's plays were designed to adapt to any audience: with this in mind, Baz Luhrmann created a film that applies to the modern audience through this updating. Luhrmann modernizes "Romeo and Juliet," through constant alterations of the props, which entice the audience into genuinely feeling the spirit of Shakespeare. First, the movie starts with an prologue masked as a news broadcast on television. This sets the scene of the play by illustrating the violence occurring between the two wealthy families, the Montagues and the Capulets. In Zeffirelli's film of "Romeo and Juliet," the prologue takes the form of a dry narrator relating the story of the Montagues and Capulets over a backdrop of an Italian city. For most modern viewers (especially teenagers), the Luhrmann picture is fast-paced, keeping the spectator intrigued, while the Zeffirelli picture is dreary and dull, an endless maze of long and boring conversations, foreshadowed by the prologue. In Luhrmann's film, the actors, instead of carrying swords with them, hide guns in their shirts and wield them expertly. The death of Romeo and Juliet is (as always) blamed on the post office, for not delivering the letter properly. And, to be politically correct, Mercutio appears at the Capulets' ball dressed as a large woman. The actors in Zeffirelli's version of Shakespeare wear colored tights and bulging blouses; thus they appear more comical because they are outdated. By modernizing these aspects of the play, and reconstructing the prologue, Luhrmann creates a movie

Steve Jobs

According to this chapter, plus what you have learnt in the course on Marketing, what are the FIVE most important things to do in Marketing Management? Explain why each of the above five ideas is so important. 1. Creating brand image campaign Steve Jobs wanted to focus on creating brand image campaign, and not on a set of advertisements featuring products. One of the most important objectives of doing this is to create awareness, improve image, be memorable and reinforce brand loyalty.It's very important to plan campaign by creating ideas, develop content and execution. They come up with this brilliant idea, â€Å"Think Different†, it was creating a lifestyle brand in tech industry. Jobs was focused on market segments and costumers by identifying the special features and was making brand identified through its name, logo, color, design and slogan. This campaign creates emotional relation of society to Apple's image and brand. Even now when people buy Apple's products they dec ide to do this by emotional reasons more than rational reasons. 2.Market segmentation Jobs focused on identification and characterization of users groups. Changing from retailers to costumers needs. The product review revealed how unfocused Apple had become. The company was churning out multiple erosion of each product because of bureaucratic momentum and to satisfy the whims of retailers. One of the most important objectives is to develop mix that is focused on and matches the needs/wants of targeted segments. He defined two segments professionals and consumers. Then he understand segment customer's needs, wants and resistances.He selected target markets and set of solution to each of it than was focused on user behavior market segmentation parameters. 3. Customer's characterization Jobs realized that Apple had a dozen version of the Macintosh, each with a efferent confusing number, from 1400 to 9600. To figure out what the special characterization it took weeks to explain. Jobs fi nally was confusing by asking the question â€Å"Which ones do tell my friend to buy? When he was not getting a simple answer he decide to slash away at models and products. To do this he first of all started to understand what customer's characterization.Apple got an access to its database of customers when it reach a deal with Power Computing to relinquish its license. What type of costumers, what are there functional needs, what are their present solutions? The answer to these questions Jobs understand that the market do not buy products, customers buy solutions. Jobs created brand relationship and encouraged the customers to feel involved with Appeal's brand. 4. Product line review Deciding what not to do is important as deciding what to do. When Jobs defined the segmentation and costumers he put it in a four-squared chart.Here's what we need† Consumer pro Desktop Imax Power Macintosh GO Portable book Power Book GO The purpose is to make four great products one of each qu adrant. Jobs was features for the products as desired functionality, performance, quality and liability. Jobs paid attention on customer's benefits through their needs/ wants. When the brand was strong and related to lifestyle in tech industry, customers knew that they buy the best product which provide them good feeling and emotional and performance benefits, additional for product specification and functionality.By focusing in this four products Jobs cut 70% of existing Apple's products and models of Macintosh. This resulted by massive layoffs. The good engineers, including some whose projects were killed, were appreciative. Jobs wanted to relocate good minds for essential evildoing of main products. 5. Getting the company out of other business such as printers and servers Jobs couldn't understand why company going to ship a million and not make money on these. He proposed that he will get out of printer business and just let to HP do it.He also cancelled the Newton, the personal digital assistant with the almost good handwriting-recognition System. The ability to focus on main products saved Apple. The laid off more than three thousand people, which salvage the company's balance sheet. It's also very important to concentrate on best companies products and to improve brand image by letting the costumers to feel that the company does the best solution in Operation System and provide the best product which including all customers' needs and wants. The brand name is associating with high quality and great design computers.What other ideas about Marketing Management did you find in this Chapter, and why do you think was each one of them less important? 1 . Choosing the right agency for integrated marketing communications. Apple was going through a review to select a new agency, and Jobs was not impressed by what he had seen. So he wanted Slow and his firm, by then called In my opinion, this is one of main ideas but not an important because Steve Jobs had his own vision and touch of marketing strategy that could be implemented by different good agencies. . Narration Choosing well-known and popular person to make a narration of Apple brand promotion. Richard Dressers was chosen for this. There was an offer to use Steve Jobs voice for this campaign but Steve told â€Å"If people find out they will say it's about me. It's not. It's about Apple†. It's important to choose the right person in ad campaign to promote Apple's brand but it's less important as to hose the right product for costumer's needs and wants. 3. Ad campaign Television commercials and print campaigns.It's important when company create brand image but it will be hard to do when products not fit to customers' needs. Before doing it more important to understand who is your costumers and what theirs need/wants. 4. Killing the clones It was one of the great debate about Apple was whether it should have licensed its operating system more aggressively to other computer makers. When Apple allowed licensing out the Macintosh SO it turned out to be a dubious business strategy. The clones cannibalized the sales. Steve Jobs According to this chapter, plus what you have learnt in the course on Marketing, what are the FIVE most important things to do in Marketing Management? Explain why each of the above five ideas is so important. 1. Creating brand image campaign Steve Jobs wanted to focus on creating brand image campaign, and not on a set of advertisements featuring products. One of the most important objectives of doing this is to create awareness, improve image, be memorable and reinforce brand loyalty.It's very important to plan campaign by creating ideas, develop content and execution. They come up with this brilliant idea, â€Å"Think Different†, it was creating a lifestyle brand in tech industry. Jobs was focused on market segments and costumers by identifying the special features and was making brand identified through its name, logo, color, design and slogan. This campaign creates emotional relation of society to Apple's image and brand. Even now when people buy Apple's products they dec ide to do this by emotional reasons more than rational reasons. 2.Market segmentation Jobs focused on identification and characterization of users groups. Changing from retailers to costumers needs. The product review revealed how unfocused Apple had become. The company was churning out multiple erosion of each product because of bureaucratic momentum and to satisfy the whims of retailers. One of the most important objectives is to develop mix that is focused on and matches the needs/wants of targeted segments. He defined two segments professionals and consumers. Then he understand segment customer's needs, wants and resistances.He selected target markets and set of solution to each of it than was focused on user behavior market segmentation parameters. 3. Customer's characterization Jobs realized that Apple had a dozen version of the Macintosh, each with a efferent confusing number, from 1400 to 9600. To figure out what the special characterization it took weeks to explain. Jobs fi nally was confusing by asking the question â€Å"Which ones do tell my friend to buy? When he was not getting a simple answer he decide to slash away at models and products. To do this he first of all started to understand what customer's characterization.Apple got an access to its database of customers when it reach a deal with Power Computing to relinquish its license. What type of costumers, what are there functional needs, what are their present solutions? The answer to these questions Jobs understand that the market do not buy products, customers buy solutions. Jobs created brand relationship and encouraged the customers to feel involved with Appeal's brand. 4. Product line review Deciding what not to do is important as deciding what to do. When Jobs defined the segmentation and costumers he put it in a four-squared chart.Here's what we need† Consumer pro Desktop Imax Power Macintosh GO Portable book Power Book GO The purpose is to make four great products one of each qu adrant. Jobs was features for the products as desired functionality, performance, quality and liability. Jobs paid attention on customer's benefits through their needs/ wants. When the brand was strong and related to lifestyle in tech industry, customers knew that they buy the best product which provide them good feeling and emotional and performance benefits, additional for product specification and functionality.By focusing in this four products Jobs cut 70% of existing Apple's products and models of Macintosh. This resulted by massive layoffs. The good engineers, including some whose projects were killed, were appreciative. Jobs wanted to relocate good minds for essential evildoing of main products. 5. Getting the company out of other business such as printers and servers Jobs couldn't understand why company going to ship a million and not make money on these. He proposed that he will get out of printer business and just let to HP do it.He also cancelled the Newton, the personal digital assistant with the almost good handwriting-recognition System. The ability to focus on main products saved Apple. The laid off more than three thousand people, which salvage the company's balance sheet. It's also very important to concentrate on best companies products and to improve brand image by letting the costumers to feel that the company does the best solution in Operation System and provide the best product which including all customers' needs and wants. The brand name is associating with high quality and great design computers.What other ideas about Marketing Management did you find in this Chapter, and why do you think was each one of them less important? 1 . Choosing the right agency for integrated marketing communications. Apple was going through a review to select a new agency, and Jobs was not impressed by what he had seen. So he wanted Slow and his firm, by then called In my opinion, this is one of main ideas but not an important because Steve Jobs had his own vision and touch of marketing strategy that could be implemented by different good agencies. . Narration Choosing well-known and popular person to make a narration of Apple brand promotion. Richard Dressers was chosen for this. There was an offer to use Steve Jobs voice for this campaign but Steve told â€Å"If people find out they will say it's about me. It's not. It's about Apple†. It's important to choose the right person in ad campaign to promote Apple's brand but it's less important as to hose the right product for costumer's needs and wants. 3. Ad campaign Television commercials and print campaigns.It's important when company create brand image but it will be hard to do when products not fit to customers' needs. Before doing it more important to understand who is your costumers and what theirs need/wants. 4. Killing the clones It was one of the great debate about Apple was whether it should have licensed its operating system more aggressively to other computer makers. When Apple allowed licensing out the Macintosh SO it turned out to be a dubious business strategy. The clones cannibalized the sales.

Driver’s Ed Module 1 and 2 Reflection Journal

REFLECTION JOURNAL Name: Rochonna Shaw Modules 1 & 2Module 1: Driving is Your Responsibility:Please answer the following questions in complete sentences using proper spelling and grammar: Complete the K-W-L information below. K- What you Know List two things you know about driving.I know that you should always wear a seat belt.I know that you should be cautious of your speed limit while driving.W—What you Want to know List two things you want to know about driving.I would like to know the rules and regulations of driving.I would like to know the meaning of all the different road signs.L—What you Learned Identify at least two new things you learned from Module One.I learned that driving is a privilege.I learned that the majority of teen deaths are caused by vehicle collisions. Do you already have your learners permit? No If no, have you taken the 4 hour drug/alcohol certificate? NoModule 2: The Driver: Please answer the following questions:Aha Moments: Aha moments are times when you have been reading something and the text suddenly makes sense or becomes clear to you. Please use complete sentences and proper spelling and grammar. Describe three aha moments that you had as you worked through M odule Two.How will this information affect you as a driver now and in the future? (2-3 sentences) OR If you did not have any ‘aha’ moments, answer the questions below in complete sentences using proper spelling and grammar: List three characteristics of ‘at risk’ drivers. An ‘at risk’ driver is drivers who do not wear seat belts.An ‘at risk’ driver is a driver who speeds or exceeds the speeding limit.An ‘at risk’ driver is a driver who merges when it was safer to stop.List three characteristics of safe drivers. A safe driver is a driver who always wears their seat belt.A safe driver is a driver that scans the road to identify possible hazards ahead.A safe driver is a driver who uses their signal lights to a left or right turn. List three driver errors that could cause a collision.A driving error that could cause a collision is running the traffic lightsA driving error that could cause a collision is driving under the i nfluence if drugs and/or alcohol.A driving error that could cause a collision is driving while you are tired and sleepy.How will this information affect you as a driver now and in the future? (2-3 sentences) This information will affect me in a positive way now and in the future. This information is providing me with the knowledge of what to do and what not to do as a driver.

National Effluent Limitation Regulations In Nigerian Breweries Environmental Sciences Essay

Nigeria, a state with 30 six provinces situated in the western portion of Africa, rich in mineral and natural resources, holding a size of three 100s and 50 six 1000, six hundred and 60 nine square stat mis of land country, with ecological zones runing from the dry savannas in the North, to the H2O abundant Niger Delta ( about nine hundred and twenty three 1000, seven hundred and 70 three square kilometers ) – She is more than half the United States of American province of California, Nigeria has placed her name on the Earth for acknowledgment in exportation of crude oil oil, Indian potato, palm oil and chocolate. Deriving her independency in 1960, she has been ruled and governed under the military and civilian epoch, with the later still in regulation, besides known as the epoch of democracy. Nigeria, like many other former British settlements operates a common jurisprudence. The chief beginnings of jurisprudence in Nigeria are customary jurisprudence ( which was the legal sy stem runing in Nigeria prior to the coming of the British colonial regulation ) , the Nigerian statute law, and common jurisprudence. The composing and nature of our environment has greatly been altered by activities such as industrialisation, transit, building and other activities. Nigeria is a underdeveloped state and so, has industries situated in urban and rural countries, most of these industries are fabricating and bring forthing industries, and as such, tend to give off waste merchandises which acts as pollutants to the immediate and environing environment. This essay covers air pollution control Torahs in Nigeria caused by brewing activities. Brewing ACTIVITY AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT Brewing is a complex procedure with several phases, that tend to bring forth pollutants in signifier of exhausts and wastewater that causes environmental air pollution. The natural stuff aggregation procedure, produces dust which when inhaled makes the victim to sneeze and cough, for this ground, animal trainers are given protective cogwheels to cover their nose, neglecting to gain that this dust atoms still float in the air and pollutes the environment. The steam produced when the milled grains are boiling ( wort production ) , and the add-on of barm to the cooled wort for fermenting the wort into beer, ( the aeration procedure ) , the bottling and packaging which deals with H2O that is in bend converted to blow H2O that gives a malodor before treated. Waste H2O from the industry ( wastewater ) , which is subsequently on recycled and used to rinse equipments in the mill, gives out a malodor that offends neighboring environing. In the outflowing armored combat vehicles, the smell pro duced airss as a nuisance to the environing environment in the signifier of air pollution. The jurisprudence associating to air pollution in Nigeria is contained in legion instruments as obtained in The National Environmental Standards and Regulation Enforcement Agency ( NESREA ) Act 2007, an Agency of the Ministry of Environment Housing and Urban Development is charged with the duty of implementing environmental Laws, ordinances andA criterion in discouraging people, industries and organisation from fouling and degrading the environment. Harmonizing to the Environmental Law Research Institute 2007, ( ELRI ) for Nigeria, the outline of Torahs and ordinances purposes at bring oning responsible attitudes and behaviors towards the environment are embedded in NESREA Act 2007 which replaced the Federal Environmental Protection Agency ( FEPA ) Act, notes in Section 7, that it provides authorization to guarantee conformity with environmental Torahs, local and international, on environmental sanitation and pollution bar and control through monitory and regulative steps. Harmonizing to the ordinances under NESREA on National Effluent Limitation Regulations, Section 1 ( 1 ) requires industry installations to hold anti-pollution equipment for the intervention of wastewater, but because policies are non given out to the general populace, possibly due to company ‘s work moralss or policy, one can non state if the intervention of wastewater is decently met in the brewing industry, nevertheless, because of the air pollution caused by this activity, it is recommended that Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) comes into act to look into if the industry has exceeded its bound in fouling the environment as stated in The National Environment Protection ( Pollution Abatement in Industries and Facilities bring forthing Waste ) Regulations ( 1991 ) , Section 1 Prohibits the release of risky substances into the air, land or H2O of Nigeria beyond approved bounds set by the Agency. Besides, the demand for the Environmental Impact Assessment ( EIA ) to mensurate the degree of impact and harm done to the environment is non applied, it is for this ground that both little and large industries still generate a batch of pollution to the environment. The E.I.A Act, as it is informally called, trades with the considerations of environmental impact in regard of public and private undertakings. Sections relevant to environmental exigency bar under the EIA include: – Section 2 ( 1 ) requires an appraisal of public or private undertakings probably to hold a important ( negative ) impact on the environment. However, this is non the instance when compared with the activities of brewing, as it gives a negative impact on the immediate environment. Mwalimu in his text states â€Å" The common jurisprudence addendums statutory control and ordinance of air pollution in Nigeria for illustration refering Byzantine liability under civil wrongs of nuisance and carelessness. † This means that the jurisprudence is at that place to command and modulate air pollution. A civil wrong is an hurt incurred by one or more persons, and it may affect mere inattention by the air defiler who allowed the hurt to happen. The different phases are powered with generators which emit exhausts into the air, the phases involved besides releases exhausts into the air, wastewater H2O which is before treated Acts of the Apostless as another agency of air pollution. The exhausts produced from the industry, derived as a consequence of the production from brewing, running of Diesel operated generators ( normally known as ‘diesel exhausts ‘ ) are a mixture of gases, bluess, liquid aerosols and substances made up of atoms. They contain the merchandises of burning including: C ( carbon black ) ; N ; H2O ; C monoxide ; aldehydes ; N dioxide ; sulfur dioxide ; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. This gases acts as pollutants and are suspended in the ambiance where they cause nursery consequence and lead to planetary heating. Most of these gases harm flora, respiratory system, merchandise of complete burning of organic compounds ; implicated in planetary clime alteration. In other words they damage and pollute the environment ; it is safe to state that brewing activities contributes to one of the major beginnings of pollution. Environment is a really wide construct and involves everything that affects an being during its life-time. Harmonizing to Srinivasan â€Å" our environment comprises atmosphere, H2O, Earth, and infinite † . In his book, Chauhan defined environment in different ways ; â€Å" 1. It is in entirety of all societal, biological and physical or chemical separately every bit good as jointly that compose the nature and semisynthetic milieus. It refers to the sum sum of conditions which surrounds adult male at a given point in infinite and clip. It is the representative of physical constituents of the Earth where in adult male is the of import factor act uponing his environment † It would look that what the writer means by environment is the entirety of the environing organic structure ( air, land and H2O ) that can be seen and felt by populating being. Pollution is when different activities done by adult male makes the environment ( air, land and H2O ) dirty, Saunders in his text defines Pollution as â€Å" The debut by adult male of waste affair or surplus energy into the environment which straight or indirectly causes harm to adult male and his environment other than himself, his family, those in his employment or those with whom his has a direct trading relationship † . This means that for every action adult male has taken has caused pollution straight or indirectly. Olanrewaju and Chukwukere defined air pollution as â€Å" the debut of chemicals, particulate affair, biological stuffs that may do injury or uncomfortableness to worlds or other life beings or cause harm to the natural environment or built environment, into the ambiance and farther classified beginnings of air pollution into anthropogenetic beginnings and natural beginnings † . Tiwary and Colls stated in their book that â€Å" air pollution has been with us since the first fire was lit, although different facets have been of import at different times. While many would see air pollution an issue that the modern universe has resolved to a greater extent, it still appears to hold a considerable influence on the planetary environment † . It would look that the writers mean to state that air pollution, has been in being from the beginning of clip where fire was discovered and perchance before so. Vallero in his text defined air pollution in page three of his book as â€Å" Air Pollution is the presence of contaminations or pollutant substances in the air that interfere with human wellness or public assistance, or bring forth other harmful environmental effects † . Hill in his text said â€Å" Pollution occurs because no procedure is one 100 per centum efficient † the writer means that pollution is inevitable but can be managed. As stated above, there is no procedure or activity done by any life being that does non ensue in one signifier of pollution or the other. A good illustration of air pollution includes failure to inspect the operation and care of electrostatic precipitators or failure to design and size an equal suspension engineering.Consequence of Air Pollution on Health of HumansOlarenwaju and Chukwukere, the consequence of air pollution and perturbation of natural air causes different wellness jobs such as trouble in external respiration, wheezing, coughing, exasperation of bing respiratory and cardiac conditions, pneumonic aggravations, vascular disfunction, increased thrombus formation, encephalon harm, malignant neoplastic disease, and increased cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. For this ground, statute laws and ordinances have been made for bring forthing industries to stay in, and breach in this has its effects. This statute law in relation to environmental jurisprudence constitutes meshing organic structure of pacts, conventions, legislative acts, ordinances, and common jurisprudence that, really loosely, run to modulate the interaction of humanity and the remainder of the biophysical or natural environment, toward the intent of cut downing the impacts of homo. The defiler can be held responsible for the harm to human wellness. These Torahs and ordinances are in the fundamental law but are non enforced in the state, because pollution is still on the addition in this underdeveloped state. The usage of generators to power the mill, or a house or machineries has led to non merely air pollution but besides noise pollution. Harmonizing to Abdulkareem in his instance survey on Urban air pollution by computing machine simulator, â€Å" Urban Air pollution due to activities of procedure industries is one of the chief jobs faced by the industrial country of the universe. † This means that, every bit long as there is an industrial procedure traveling on, air pollution would still be present. The action carried out by the brewery industry does non advance clean air, and hence pollutes the air and this causes uncomfortableness for the dwellers of the environing environment, and the regulative organic structures are non efficient in transporting out their responsibilities, unlike the United Kingdom, where Legislations are invariably reviewed and put into topographic point to angle out industries and companies that are transcending the pollution bound, environmental licenses are in topographic point, pollution bar and control licenses are besides in topographic point to look into for interest holders that breach Torahs and to look into for hw air pollution is regulated. As earlier said, there is no procedure that does non foul the environment. The Pollution Prevention and Control permits ( PPC ) of the United Kingdom states that â€Å" If a concern operates in Northern Ireland or Scotland, the concern would necessitate a PPC license from an environmental regulator before such concern would be allowed to run. The NEW Environmental Permitting ( England and Wales ) Regulations 2010 SI 675 provides a amalgamate system for environmental licenses and freedoms for industrial activities, Mobile works, waste operations, excavation waste operations, H2O discharge activities, groundwater activities and radioactive substances activities. It besides sets out the powers, maps and responsibilities of the regulators † .Unlike the United Kingdom where the populace has the right to cognize the statute law for air pollution control, the populace is incognizant of this statute law in Nigeria. Very small is put in topographic point for the populace, there is no clean air act, which gives powers to local councils to command domestic and industrial fume to better local air quality and meet EU air quality criterions for sulfur dioxide and particulates. The English air statute law controls emanations of gases, dark fume and other airborne pollutants that harm the quality of the ambiance. It includes environmental permitting and empowering governments and, via the clime alteration model, establishes fiscal inducements to exchange to less-polluting ways of working.NEW Aerosol Dispensers Regulations 2009 SI 2824 aims to protect public wellness by forbiding the supply or ownership of aerosols non marked as conforming to safety criterions.Recommendation: This ordinance has been in topographic point to run into up to the cleanliness of the environment, but because of the corruptness of the land, such Torahs are non enforced and hence, it is ignored. The industries still run and release aerosols and exhausts into the ambiance, damaging the immediate environment.